Great South American Journey: Caracas to Lima (Clockwise)

Itinerary

Day 1 Arrive Caracas

Arrive in Caracas at anytime. There are no planned activities, so check into our hotel and enjoy the city.This overland journey through the lesser-known areas of South America is an adventure of extremes, including the world’s highest waterfall, the largest rainforest, the fantastic beaches of Brazil’s coastline, and the world’s longest river. Venezuela and Brazil represent South America’s vast northeast and are filled with natural wonders. If you are ready for the excitement of adventurous travel through remote areas then you will be rewarded with spectacular scenery and a familiarity with the ways of life of Eastern South America that few travellers ever experience!Contemporary Venezuela has been strongly influenced by oil money, which has turned the country into one of the wealthiest nations in South America. As a result, Venezuela has a good road network, spectacular new architecture and a developed tourism infrastructure. Yet deep in the countryside, people still live traditional lives. A number of Indian groups remain unconquered by encroaching civilization, including the mysterious Yanomami along the Venezuelan-Brazil border, whose Stone-Age culture seems lost in time.Venezuela’s capital Caracas grew at a relatively slow pace for most of its history. Then came the oil boom, and everything began to change at the speed of light. During the last 50 years, the city’s population grew from about 350,000 to nearly five million. The oil money being pumped into the economy has successfully transformed Caracas into a modern city. Due to the dramatic contrasts between wealth and poverty, however, one should not carry any valuables while exploring the city. Also, only official taxis should be taken from the airport.Caracas is set in a spectacular valley amid rolling hills. Its relative altitude of 900m (2952 feet) gives the city an agreeable, relatively dry and sunny climate with a mean temperature of about 22C (72F).

Day 2-10 Mochima / Canaima National Park / Sta Elena

From Caracas travel east towards Puerto La Cruz to enjoy the beautiful Caribbean beaches and snorkelling of Mochima National Park, made up of many small, idyllic Caribbean Islands just off the north coast of Venezuela. The islands and their surrounding waters offer excellent opportunities for snorkelling and swimming, or take a boat cruise to further explore this beautiful region of the Caribbean.Head south to Ciudad Bolivar, from where we can take an optional excursion into Canaima National Park. From here, enjoy an optional flight over Angel Falls, within the boundaries of the spectacular park and, at 979m, the highest waterfall in the world. In the wet season (July to December), an optional three-day boat and hiking excursion to the foot of the falls is possible. In the dry season (December to May), the waterfall is more readily seen, although it is not possible to take a boat in to the base of the falls.Next wander through Venezuela's famous La Gran Sabana, filled with scenic views and waterfalls. La Gran Sabana is a vast, rolling, grassy region in southeast Venezuela. The Sabana covers 35 000 square km, and is the traditional homeland area for the Pemón people. This area was isolated from the rest of the country until the road connecting El Dorado and Santa Elena (320 km) was finished in 1990. The area’s table mountains (tepuis) are all that remains of the original sandstone that covered the region millions of years ago. Each mountain has developed its own characteristic plant life, and consequently the area has highest percentage of endemic flora to be found in the world...

Day 11-15 Manaus / Amazonas

Entering the vast Amazon Basin, we arrive in Manaus. Situated at the confluence of the Amazon and Negro Rivers, 3° south of the Equator, Manaus is a bustling port and important northern Amazon trading city. With a population of over one million people, it is the capital of Brazil’s largest state, Amazonas, and has many interesting markets, museums and parks. In 1669 Portuguese colonizers built the fortress of Sao José de Barra here and named the place ‘Manaus’ after the indigenous group that inhabited the region. The fort grew to become a village, and later a major city, due to its importance as the principal port for the Amazon and Negro rivers. Points of interest in Manaus include the Mercado Municipal, the floating docks, the customs house, the Museum of Science, the Jungle Park and the opera house, an impressive example of the city’s opulent past. A 3-day optional excursion into the depths of the rainforest promises unique tropical flora and wildlife.

Day 16-20 Pará (Amazon River) (4B,3L,3D)

A 4-day river trip takes us from the depths of the Amazon, and the city of Belém near the Amazon Delta, to Atlantic Ocean. Cruise the river that carries 20 per cent of the world’s fresh water.Belém sits near the mouth of the Amazon, where this mighty river meets the Atlantic Ocean. The Portuguese first settled this area in 1616, and its wealth was primarily derived from the exportation of spices from the Amazon forest to Portugal and Europe. Later, rubber from the forest led to the further decimation of the local indigenous populations as well as their forest homelands. The tremendous wealth of the Amazon rubber boom can be witnessed in the town’s grand mansions, built at the turn of the 19th century.The Amazon Basin is the world’s largest river basin in terms of volume and drainage area. It is made up of six million square km of river and jungle. The region contains the world’s largest tropical rainforest (30% of the remaining forest on the earth), the world’s largest river, and perhaps the greatest wildlife diversity to be found anywhere.In the Amazon layers of exotic vegetation block the sky, and brown waters sweep beneath gargantuan foliage. Hundreds of species of exotic birds and equally brilliant butterflies provide constant bursts of colour. Over 500 species of trees per acre have been recorded in the jungles of the upper Amazon—ten times greater than Europe or North America. The area is home to more than 4,000 species of birds, 2,000 species of fish (a greater variety than the Atlantic Ocean), 60 species of reptiles, including the caiman and anaconda, the world's largest non-venomous snake, and a great variety of mammals such as jaguar, peccary, anteater, tapir, capybara and Pink Dolphin. The rainforest is also the traditional home of many indigenous communities, whose traditional homelands and way of life are threatened by the encroachment of 21st century industries such as mining, agribusiness and petroleum exploitation.The Amazon River is magnificent, with over 80 000 km of navigable waterways, including over 1000 tributaries. 12 billion litres of fresh water flow down the river every minute—12 times the volume of the Mississippi River. The river itself is 6275 km long, 64 km across at its widest point and 120 m at its deepest. The distance between Belem and Manaus along the Amazon is 1500 km.In the 16th century, Spanish conqueror Francisco de Orellana ventured from Quito (in modern day Ecuador) into the eastern jungle in search of El Dorado, a mythical stash of gold hidden away in the jungle. While he didn't find gold, he did discover Ecuador's Rio Napo, which along with Peru’s Marañón combine to create the mighty Amazon River. He followed the Napo into the Amazon mainstream and travelled all the way through the dense jungle to the Atlantic Ocean on Brazil’s coast.

Day 21-32 Maranhão / Piaui / Ceará

The state of Ceará boasts over 500 km of fabulous beaches along its coastline. Travel to São Luis, a historic city covered in hand-painted Portuguese tiles, drive through the drought-plagued sertao, and enjoy the laid back lifestyle and the unique folklore of the local people. A boat trip through the beautiful Parnaiba Delta—the only delta to open to the Atlantic Ocean—offers the chance to visits one of the biggest mangroves in the world, home to equally big mangrove crabs.Travel south along the Brazilian coastline, through small fishing villages and beach towns. Pass through secluded oases, mangrove clad rivers, and beautiful remote beaches piled with giant sand dunes. This is a stunning part of Brazil that few visitors have the opportunity to see. In Jericoacoara you can hire a horse to ride along the desolate beaches as far as the eye can see, go for a ride in a jangada, or climb the sand dunes and try sandboarding. For those with energy left at the end of the day, the nights are yours to dance away to forró and reggae.

Day 33-38 Pernambuco / Bahía

Continue south, stopping in for some rest and relaxation at one of the area’s superb beaches such as Praia da Pipa - great for dolphin spotting. Visit the city of Olinda, a beautiful enclave of colonial buildings filled with artists, students and assorted bohemians. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Olinda is the cultural centre of the state of Pernambuco. Discover the city’s interesting architecture, visit art galleries and museums and listen to the street musicians. There is often the opportunity to watch Capoeira a dance-like martial art native to the area.

Day 39-40 Salvador

Travel south to the state of Bahía and its capital Salvador, the epicentre of Afro-Brazilian culture. Famous for its music, folklore and colonial architecture, Brazilians refer to the country’s first capital as the “land of happiness and song.” Salvador’s history and culture are heavily influenced by African slaves, brought here by the Portuguese to work on the sugar plantations. Their traditions, dances and religion are as prominent in Salvador’s culture today as it has been in Bahía’s history.Founded in 1549, Amerigo Vespucci first sailed into Salvador de Bahía’s Bay of Todos Santos (All Saints) on the November 1, 1501. A walled mud-brick city was soon erected to protect its inhabitants from native attacks. The production of sugar cane and tobacco, combined with gold and diamond mining, soon brought prosperity; over the next three centuries many splendid churches and luxurious colonial mansions were built. Salvador was for many years the second most important city in the growing Portuguese empire, famous equally for its wealth and its licentiousness. The first African slaves were taken to Bahía in the late 1830s, eventually accounting for half the city’s population. There were several slave uprisings throughout the city’s history, and run-away slave communities were not unheard of.Early in the 19th century the Bahía’s out of date, agricultural-based economy went into decline, and only recently has the region begun to tap into other resource areas such as petrochemicals and tourism. Home to many hungry and marginalized citizens, the city is also well known for its hybrid Candomble religion, and lively capoeira rhythms. Growing in popularity are the nearby beaches: more beautiful and less frequented than Rio’s Copacabana or Ipanema, Bahia’s Pituba, Piata, Armacao, Placaford and Itapoa beaches are ideal places to people watch, sunbathe and relax.Bahíans have been mixing and celebrating religious occasions with an everyday zest for life for nearly 500 years. Bahíans love to celebrate life, which shows in their festivals, especially Carnival. Explore the city and enjoy the Samba rhythms or take an optional excursion to a sea turtle sanctuary or boat trip to Itaparica Island. A short flight takes us to Rio.

Day 41-43 Rio de Janeiro

Arrive in Rio - enjoy the city and one last night out on the town."God made the world in six days, the seventh he devoted to Rio," so say the Cariocas, residents of this beautiful city. This is a densely packed city of over 9 million inhabitants, whose economic foundations lie in the cultivation of sugar cane and gold mining. Referred to as the “cidade maravilhosa” (Marvellous City), few cities enjoy such a dramatic setting as Rio. Brilliant, white beaches at Copacabana and Ipanema, deep blue waters of the Atlantic, the luminescent green of Guanabara Bay, the bare blue slopes of the Sugar Loaf combine to make Rio unique. Standing over it all, atop Corcovado, is the huge statue of Christ the Redeemer, the best place from which to appreciate the city. Superb panoramic views of the city and area can also be found from the top of the Pao do Açucar (Sugar Loaf), reached by cable car. Head to some of the famous beaches, and prepare yourself for an experience unlike anything else on Earth.Although the Portuguese first sailed and entered the bay, it was the French who first established a settlement in the area, logging Brazil wood along the coast. Their first permanent settlement lasted a brief five years, when they were attacked and driven from the area by the encroaching Portuguese. A series of skirmishes ensued, with the Tomaio people allied with the French against the Portuguese.In 1567 the Portuguese began construction of a fortified town to repel any invaders, naming it Sao Sebastiao do Rio de Janeiro. Amassing wealth with the gold rush of Minas Gerais, in the early 18th century Rio became Brazil’s most important city and a great temptation to the French who, in 1710, waged war against the Portuguese and held the city for a sizeable gold ransom. Again in the 19th century, under threat of Napoleon’s invasion, what remained of the Portuguese monarchy fled to Brazil where they set up court in grand style; many of today’s older structures date from this period.The gold rush was followed by a coffee boom in the mid-1800s and the wealth generated led to the city’s initial modernization. Replacing Salvador de Bahía as the colonial capital in 1763, the city remained the capital until 1960, when it was replaced by Brasilia. Today, the city is a magnet for tourists who come to walk the beaches of Ipanema and Copacabana, and generally partake in the Carioca zest for life. Many ascend the Sugarloaf Mountain (Pao do Açucar), whose image is nearly synonymous with Rio and Carnival. Modern Rio is perhaps best known for the contrasting images offered by the favelhas (shanty towns), and the glitz and glamour preferred by the Samba schools and their Carnival celebrations.

Day 44-52 Ilha Grande / Paraty / Iguassu Falls

From Rio we head south along the Atlantic coast to the port of Angra dos Reis, and onward by ferry to Ilha Grande. Relax and enjoy a cool Caipirinha on the beach, or try surfing. Further down the mainland coast we encounter the quaint colonial town of Paraty, an architectural gem famous for its churches.After Paraty we head west to the magnificent Foz do Iguaçu, or Iguassu falls, which borders Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. In order to see the falls properly you need to view them from both the Brazilian and the Argentine side. The Brazilian side offers the grand overview, and the Argentine side a closer look. The best time of the year to see them is from August to November, as from May to July you may not be able to approach the swollen waters on the catwalks. We spend a couple of days to take full advantage of the many opportunities and activities, which include an exhilarating optional boat tour at the falls, or simply marvelling at nature’s breadth and the roar of the falls.

Day 53-57 Salto, Montevideo, Colonia

From Brazil we cross through Argentina into Uruguay, and stay in the city of Salto for some welcome relaxation in the thermal baths… or go have a blast at the water park! Next, spend some time in the capital city Montevideo, by far the country's largest city, founded by the Spanish in 1726. Over half of the population (about 1 million) lives here and the city dominates the commercial and cultural life of the nation. It's very lively and modern with many architecturally interesting buildings, yet the city also maintains a very quiet atmosphere. There are several good museums not to be missed, as well as some very good beaches just outside the city.Lastly travel along the shores of the Rio de la Plata to the charming colonial city of Colonia del Sacramento. Experience the relaxed, pleasant Uruguayan culture and stroll down its cobble-stoned streets before crossing into Argentina.

Day 58-59 Buenos Aires

Cross the Rio de la Plata by ferry to reach the dynamic city of Buenos Aires. There is much to do in this vibrant metropolis, with plenty of museums, theatres, and historical areas. Known as the ‘Paris of the Americas,’ Buenos Aires is a vibrant city full of life. Be sure to visit the districts of La Boca, Recoleta, and San Telmo, or catch a tango show at one of the many famous tanguerías or tango houses. Wander the pedestrian walkways and see some dancing in the streets. Whatever you do, Buenos Aires is sure to leave lasting memories.The capital city of Argentina, Buenos Aires is the ultimate cosmopolitan city. Travellers find that it has more in common with the cities of Europe than the rest of South America. Nearly 40 per cent of Argentina’s 33 million citizens live in Greater Buenos Aires, and the Porteños are justifiably proud of their home. The city is comprised of a number of distinct neighbourhoods, some of which have become top tourist draws. For many, the highlight of their time in the capital is a visit to San Telmo for the weekend antiques market and street artists’ displays. La Boca was originally settled by the successive waves of immigrants that contribute to the capital’s unique character. Its brightly coloured walls and buildings draw Porteños and tourists alike. Posh Recoleta, with its cafés, museums and cemetery, is a pleasant place to spend an afternoon.During colonial days, Buenos Aires was the seat of the Viceroy of La Plata. Almost completely rebuilt since the turn of the century, the heart of the city is the Plaza de Mayo, with the historic Cabildo (Town Hall), where the Independence movement was first planned, the Casa Rosada (Government Palace) and the Cathedral, where San Martín, the father of Argentine independence, is buried.When you are done exploring, settle your weary feet and enjoy a drink in one of the many sidewalk cafés and restaurants, and you will begin to understand the contemplative Argentine way of life. Buenos Aires will be your first chance to try the succulent bifé and parrilladas, so dig in and enjoy!Please note: You should be especially careful when wandering about the capital city on your own, particularly at night. Tourists are easy prey for individual pickpockets or groups of two or more people, working as a team, on the streets. Pay particular attention to anyone who “accidentally” spills anything on your clothes or belongings (mustard, etc.), then apologizes and offers to help clean up. They will clean you out instead! Be safe and leave your passport, credit cards, traveller’s cheques and cash you won’t be using immediately within the hotel’s safety deposit box. Most Porteños are honest and genuinely helpful and friendly, but be safe and enjoy the city!

Day 60-63 Nightbus / Bariloche

After a full day exploring the capital city we will board a night bus southbound for Bariloche, in Upper Patagonia. Situated on the shore of beautiful Lake Nahuel Huapi, Bariloche is a year-round playground for skiers, hikers and outdoors enthusiasts of all types. A popular resort town for Argentines, the spectacular surroundings of Bariloche offer loads of outdoor options, like hiking, biking, parapenting, lake tours, and skiing/snowboarding (in season). Bariloche is also famous for its quality and quantity of chocolate. So wander around the city, enjoy the landscapes and eat chocolate!The urban centre of the Argentine Lake District, San Carlos de Bariloche in many ways resembles alpine resorts of Europe. During winter ski season the town fills to capacity with jovial Argentine and Brazilian vacationers whose favourite pastime seems to be eating and drinking. Their gusto is understandable; Bariloche has some of the best food in the country. Sample a beefy parrillada, or a variety of fresh salmon or lake trout, then work it off during a day hike around Cerro Catedral or while practicing your salsa at one of the town's salsotecas.

Day 64-65 Puerto Montt/Puerto Varas

After a beautiful journey through the Andes of Southern Argentina, we cross into Chile and arrive at Puerto Montt. This is Chile’s most important southern port and it is the gateway for explorers going further south into Patagonia. Take a day trip to the island of Chiloé and sample the seafood!In Puerto Montt there are still many reminders of its German influenced past. The area was settled by Germans in the mid-19th century and many houses are of northern European design, faced with unpainted shingles, high-pitched roofs and quaint, ornate balconies.Though timber houses make up a large share of Puerto Montt's housing, the pioneer image has long since faded. The large cathedral in the main square, built in 1856 entirely of redwood, is the oldest building in the city and one of the most important reminders of the city's early days. Today it is the gateway to the southern end of the Lake District, and for the Chilean Patagonia.

Day 66-68 Pucon

From Puerto Montt we continue north to the Lake District of Chile, and the town of Pucón. This is a mecca for outdoor enthusiasts, with activities galore. Climb a volcano, hike in one of the many national parks, go rafting, mountain biking or of course there is skiing and snowboarding (in season).There are few areas in the world that can match the Chilean Lake District for scenic grandeur. South of the Rio Toltén and sprawled across the provinces of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihué, you'll find everything from snow-capped mountains to deep blue and emerald lakes, smoking volcanoes, forests and glaciers. This is a favourite vacation ground for domestic tourists, visitors from across the Andes, and around the globe.The region’s architecture is unique in that older structures are wooden and resemble central European homes and churches of the 19th Century. This is due to the significant number of immigrants, largely Germany, Switzerland, Austria and some Italian, who settled here over the last half of that century. The regional cuisine also reflects this, with many restaurants specializing in kuchen and other baked delicacies. Seafood dishes abound in this region. Of particular interest to visitors is the curanto Chilote, a hearty seafood stew that’ll leave you ready for a siesta.Villarica is one of the chief resort towns of the Lake District, with impressive views of the active Volcan Villarica. This is a beautiful place to hike, boat, or to sit back and take in the beautiful scenery and reflect on your trip so far. Pucón, the nation’s outdoors and adventure tourism capital, is located on the eastern end of Lago Villarica, opposite the town of Villarica. We spend a couple of days exploring the area, where there are endless options for outdoor pursuits like kayaking, rafting, hiking, mountain biking, wind surfing and horseback riding.

Day 69 Nightbus / Santiago

A nightbus will take us north to the bustling metropolis city of Santiago.

Day 70-73 Santiago

Santiago is Chile’s largest city and capital, with internationally recognized vineyards and Andean ski resorts very close by. Explore the many museums and parks, and visit the vibrant neighbourhood of Bellavista to see some handicrafts and trendy cafés. Day-trips include a trip to Valparaiso and Viña del Mar, Chile’s premier beach resort, and to Isla Negra, Pablo Neruda’s seaside home.Although Santiago covers an immense area, the central core of the city is relatively small. It is a roughly triangular shaped region, bounded in the north by the Río Mapocho, in the west by the Via Norte Sur and in the south by the Avenida del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins (more commonly known as the Alameda). The apex of the triangle is the Plaza Baquedano, where O'Higgins forms a junction with two of Santiago's other main thoroughfares, Avenidas Providencia and Vicuña MacKenna.The centre of this triangle is the Plaza de Armas, the chief plaza of Santiago, bounded on its northern side by the main post office and on the western side by the cathedral. The streets between the Plaza de Armas and O'Higgins are wall-to-wall shops, restaurants, snack and fast food bars, cinemas, expensive hotels and office blocks. The Presidential Palace, La Moneda, is on Avenida Moneda, facing the Plaza de la Constitución. Near the Plaza de Armas is the National Congress building. One of Santiago's main parks, Cerro Santa Lucía, is in the triangle facing O'Higgins. The other main park is Cerro San Cristobal, or Huelén, in the Mapuche tongue. It is a large hill that rises dramatically from the plain to the north of Avenida Providencia. Between this avenue and the mountain, on either side of the Avenida Pío Nono, is Santiago's 'Paris quarter', the barrio Bella Vista. There are many beautifully landscaped parks and gardens, artists' colonies, and impressive views over the city, including the snow-capped peaks of the Andes (when the weather and thick smog permit).

Day 74-75 La Serena

A journey north takes us to the beachside city of La Serena. The city has an attractive, colonial feel to it, with many places of interest outside the city. Take a tour to the Elqui Valley and visit a Pisco factory, or maybe stop by one of the numerous international astronomical observatories scattered throughout the valley.

Day 76-79 Nightbus / San Pedro de Atacama

A night bus brings us further north to the dry desert regions of the country, where we stop in the little town of San Pedro de Atacama, on the edge of the Atacama desert. There are plenty of optional excursions here, like biking, exploring nearby ruins, horseback riding, and a tour of the Valley of the Moon.

Day 80-82 4x4 Desert Crossing Excursion / Uyuni (2B,2L,2D)

Climbing almost 3000 metres into the Chilean altiplano, we embark on our 3-day desert crossing into Bolivia. We spend three days in the stunning landscapes between the Salar de Uyuni and the Atacama Desert (Chile), exploring by four-wheel-drive vehicles. Driving across the salt flats is a fantastic experience, particularly for the contrast of piercing blue skies and blinding white salt on the flat lakebed. The area’s unusual landscape of mountains, active volcanoes, and geysers is like nowhere on earth.Twice submerged by a large, high-altitude lake, the salt flats now cover a total area of over 12000 square km (7440 square miles) and are one of the country’s main salt mining centres. The last large lake dried up about 8000 years ago, leaving the small lakes of Poopó and Ururu, as well as the salt flats of Uyuni. Absorb stunning views of the salt-encrusted lakebed surrounded by golden-hued mountains, snow-capped peaks and an endless azure horizon that will forever engrave itself in your memory. The tour takes us through Laguna Colorada, 4278 m/14,031 ft (a large red lagoon, the colour of which is due to algae & plankton growth in the mineral-rich waters), and Laguna Verde, at 5000 m (16,400 ft), a striking blue-green lake (high concentrations of lead, sulphur, copper and other minerals). The numerous geysers, boiling mud pools, and thermal baths, and Licancabúr volcano 5960 m (19,549 ft), which looms just behind the lagoon are clear evidence of the region’s association with volcanic activity. Surprisingly, both wildlife and flora manage to survive and even thrive in the desolate landscape; this includes vizcachas (of the rodent family), flamingos (3 varieties), and assorted varieties of cacti.Despite its isolation and challenging climate (cold and blustery most of the year), Uyuni has earned the nickname of Hija Predilecta de Bolivia (Bolivia’s Favourite Daughter). Most of its hardy residents are either Public Sector workers or salt miners in the dried out lakebeds, with tour operators a close third. The main attraction in town is the Train Cemetery, a collection of rusting railway relics, just southwest of the present train station. We spend the night of day in Uyuni before continuing north in Bolivia.

Day 83-84 Potosi

Situated at 4070m (13,350 ft), Potosí is the highest city of its size on earth. UNESCO declared it a World Heritage Site in1987 in recognition of its tragic history in the mining of silver during the time of Spanish colonization. Potosí provided a large share of the silver mined and shipped back to Spain until the early 1800s, when both the supply of silver and world market prices began to decline.Working conditions for miners were appalling, and a large portion of the indigenous population was decimated. African slaves were brought in to replace the native workers, and it is estimated that as many as eight million indigenous people and Africans died in the mines during the first three centuries of Spanish colonial rule. There is time for an optional tour to the working mines of the Mountain of Silver, an eye-opening excursion

Day 85-86 Sucre

Often referred to as Bolivia’s White City, the country’s official capital, Sucre, is situated at nearly 2800m (9184 ft) and offers its visitors and inhabitants a more moderate, comfortable climate than cities at higher elevation. Before the conquest, military, religious and political leaders of the local indigenous population made their homes on the present day city site. The site became the headquarters for the Spanish Royal Court, which by the late 1700s ruled over colonial Paraguay, parts of Peru, Argentina, Chile, and most of Bolivia. In 1825, in the wake of the Latin American independence movement, the city was renamed Sucre, after Simon Bolívar’s second-in-command, General Sucre. The city’s fine museums, colonial buildings and ties to the independence movement make it a city of great historical interest, and the city has much to offer during our two days here. Optional activities include a visit to dinosaur footprints, an old tin baron’s mansion, a textile cooperative, mountain biking and hiking.

Day 87-88 Nightbus / Cochabamba

Staying in the Bolivian highlands, we travel north to the city of Cochabamba, famous for its spring-like climate and for its chicha (fermented maize drink). Explore the museums and this pleasant city before travelling onward to the capital city of La Paz.

Day 89-90 La Paz

Founded by Alonso de Mendoza in 1548, La Ciudad de Nuestra Señora de La Paz (the City of Our Lady of Peace) is the highest capital in the world. Although Sucre is the official capital, La Paz is the Bolivian centre of commerce, finance and industry, and the de facto capital. This is a busy modern city, with its centre at the base of a canyon 5 km (3 miles) wide and sprawling impromptu housing all the way up the surrounding hillsides. The city is at nearly 4000 m (13,120 ft) above sea level, so visitors should be prepared for cool evenings and mornings.Explore the city’s many fine museums or its historic ecclesiastical structures, such as the Iglesia de San Francisco, whose architectural details reflect the indigenous and mestizo heritage of modern Bolivia. The city is also renowned for its many markets, including the Mercado de Hechicería (Witches’ Market), where Paceños and visitors may purchase potions and incantations made from all sorts of herbs, seeds, and secret ingredients to remedy any number of illnesses (real or imagined) and protect from evil spirits. With streets lined with market stalls and vendors, the pace on the street and the vibrant atmosphere is an incredible experience. There is also a thriving black market and a Carnaval market, where locals purchase carnival costumes. You’ll also find a wealth of shops selling all sorts of handicrafts, mainly alpaca wool products, silver jewellery, woven textiles and leather goods.Optional activities in La Paz include museums, excursions to Tiahuanaco ruins (cradle of Inca civilization), a tour of the Valley of the Moon, or a visit to the world’s highest ski resort, Chacaltaya (5600 m/18,368 ft). To the south of the city is the Valley of the Moon, with crater-like formations made of sand.

Day 91-93 Puno

The drive around Lake Titicaca and through the altiplano from La Paz to Peru is impressive. Once crossing into Peru we head to Puno, on the shores of Lake Titicaca. There is an overnight excursion to the Islands on lake Titicaca. This includes a visit to the Uros floating islands, and an overnight stay with a family on Taquile or Amantani Island. We return to Puno in the late afternoon.Located 3830 m (12562 ft) above sea level, Puno’s weather can be extreme with very cold nights, and a strong sun during the day. There is not a lot to see in Puno itself, however there are several good spots offering scenic views of Lake Titicaca and the town. Puno is also known for its wealth of traditional dances. There are up to 100 different varieties, usually performed in the street processions celebrating Catholic feast days. You may see these celebrations if you’re fortunate enough to be visiting at the appropriate time.Lake Titicaca, at 3820 m (12529 ft) above sea level, is touted as the highest navigable lake in the world. This is not entirely true; it is simply the best known. It is, however, the largest lake in South America, over 170 km (106 miles) in length, and the largest lake in the world above 2000m (6560 ft). The horizon appears limitless from the lake, and the water a deep and inviting blue.Our first stop is the floating reed islands of the Uros people. The Uros began their unusual floating existence centuries ago in an effort to isolate themselves from rival tribes the Collas and the Incas, but due to intermarriage with Aymara speaking people they lost their original language. Today about 300 people live on the islands, however their numbers are slowly declining.The islands are made up of many layers of reeds. As the layers closest to the water start to rot, they are replaced with fresh reeds on top. They also use the reeds to build their boats, which if constructed well, last up to 6 months. The totora reeds that grow in the shallows of the lake are used for making everything from the islands themselves to the model boats that the islanders offer for sale.Taquile is rich in culture, and the people’s unique style of dress and lifestyle will definitely make for a memorable visit. Men of the community do all the knitting, strictly a male domain, while women do the spinning. High quality, locally knitted goods are available for purchase at various cooperatives on the island. Despite the short distance that separates the two islands, Amantaní is quite distinct. Its soil is a rich terra cotta red, due to the high iron deposits, which contrasts brightly with the deep azure blue of the lake and sky, and greenery of the local crops.

Day 94 Cuzco

Today a full days bus journey takes us through the high Altiplano region to get from Puno to Cuzco, the capital of the Inca EmpireEdit Delete Move Up

Day 95-101 Cuzco / Ollantaytambo / Inca Trail (3B,3L,3D)

Cuzco attracts thousands of travellers who come to experience an age-old culture and to delve into its tragic and noble past. It is the perfect base for optional explorations of the city and area as well as a range of outdoor activities. We spend the next few days relaxing and exploring this fascinating city, while taking time to acclimatize to the higher altitude before our trek.Cuzco is the hub of the South American travel network. The city attracts thousands of travellers who come not just to visit a unique destination but also to experience an age-old culture very different from their 20th century way of life; one could easily spend a week just in and around the area. Cuzco is the continent’s oldest continuously inhabited city. Inca-built stone walls line most of the central streets and you don't have to go far to see other Inca ruins. It is a city steeped in history, tradition and legend.Cuzco’s numerous colonial churches are one of the most common sights. The Cathedral was started in 1559 and took 100 years to build. It is also one of the city’s greatest repositories of colonial art. Immediately in front of the entrance is a vault containing the remains of the famous Inca historian, Garcilaso de la Vega. Also worth visiting are the churches of La Compañía, La Merced and San Francisco.While most ruins are just outside of the city, the main ruin within is that of the Coricancha, once the Inca Empire's richest temple. This ruin forms the base of the colonial church of Santo Domingo. During Inca times this temple was literally covered with gold, but within months of the arrival of the first conquistadors this incredible wealth had all been melted down. It is left to the individual imagination to envision the magnificence of the original structure.There are several good museums in Cuzco, including the Archaeological Museum, which also houses a small art museum, the Regional History Museum and the Religious Art Museum. The best advice in exploring Cuzco is to wear a comfortable pair of shoes, arm yourself with a city map and set off to explore!Ollantaytambo is a major Inca ruin site and your first taste of what lies ahead on the Inca Trail. This major ruin site is known as the best surviving example of Inca urban planning and engineering. It is admired for its huge steep terraces guarding the Inca Fortress and for being one of the few places where the Spanish lost a major battle during the conquest. We spend the night in this small town before heading out for the start of the hike the next morning. For those craving more before they head out on the Trail you can take a Sacred Valley tour which includes not only Ollantaytambo but also the ruin site of Pisac.INCA TRAIL:The 4-day Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is physically challenging but worthwhile, and the excursion is within the ability of most reasonably fit. It is a 40-km (25 mile) hike, with 3 high passes to be crossed, one of which reaches an elevation of 4200m (13776 ft). The trail is often steep, and it may rain even during the dry season. The temperatures at night may fall below zero, so it is important to come prepared.Depart Ollantaytambo for km 82 where we begin our walk in the footsteps of the Incas. Our local crew of porters, cook and guide look after us well for the duration of the hike. Porters carry the majority of the gear for the hike, so those passengers doing the hike only carry a small daypack with water, rain gear, snacks, a camera, etc. As you walk the trail that linked this ancient empire, admire breathtaking views at every step as we move from high plateau areas to dense cloud forest. Depending on the season, you may see a great variety of flora, including miniature and large orchids, and fiery rhododendron bushes.You pass several smaller ruin sites, the first of which is Llactapata. The second day climb the long steep path to Warmiwañusca, or Dead Woman’s Pass. At 4198 m (13769 ft) above sea level, this pass is the highest point of the trek. The second pass of the hike is at 3998 m (13113 ft) where on clear days, we enjoy superb views of the snow-capped Cordillera Vilcabamba. The trail goes through some beautiful cloud forest on the gentle climb to the third pass, where you will walk through a causeway and a tunnel, both original Inca constructions. The highest point of the third pass is at 3700m (12136 ft). On clear days you are rewarded for all this work with beautiful views of the Urubamba Valley below. Soon you reach the serene ruins of Phuyupatamarca, or the 'Town above the Clouds', at about 3650 m (11972 ft) above sea level. We camp for the final night close to Wiñay Wayna (Forever Young) ruins, a grandiose terraced hillside site, with panoramic views of the valley below and just a short hike from Machu Picchu.On the final day of the hike we climb the steps to the Sun Gate overlooking the peaks that surround Machu Picchu. There is no way to describe the feeling of the first views of Machu Picchu, as the mist rises off the mountains early in the morning and the famous ruin appears in front of you.Machu Picchu is both the best and the least known of the Inca ruins. It is not mentioned in any of the chronicles of the Spanish conquistadors and archaeologists today can do no more than speculate on its function. The local Quechua farmers in the area knew of Machu Picchu for centuries, but it was not until an 11-year-old boy led the American historian Hiram Bingham (who was in search of Vilcabamba) to the site on July 24, 1911, that the rest of the world became aware of its existence. At that time the site was covered in thick vegetation, and Bingham and his team returned in 1912 and 1915 to clear the growth. Over the years, much work has been done on excavating and studying the site. Despite these efforts, many unanswered questions remain.You have the better part of the day to explore the site. In the afternoon, we have the chance to soak in the hot springs of Aguas Calientes before taking the train back to Cuzco.NOTE: Those passengers not able or interested in the hike spend 2 days in Cuzco, then travel by train to Aguas Calientes, where they overnight. Next morning they take the bus to the Machu Picchu entrance and rendezvous with the hikers at the ruins. If you decide not to do the hike we need to know prior to your departure in order to obtain train tickets. Please advise your agent or G.A.P Adventures.Also note that portions of the Inca Trail will be closed for general maintenance during the month of February each year. Also, closures may occur at various times throughout the year due to inclement weather or other conditions beyond our control. During these periods, any tour affected will hike the Lares Trek.

Day 102-106 Arequipa / Colca Canyon

Peru’s second most important city after Lima, Arequipa maintains a traditional colonial style and more laid back pace in comparison with the capital. Arequipa was built from a very light coloured volcanic rock called sillar, so older buildings dazzle in the sun, thus giving the city its nickname, “the White City.” The main plaza with its cafés and nearby cathedral is a top draw for visitors.Those with an interest in history and architecture may take an optional visit to the Convent of Santa Catalina, offering a brief respite from the outside world and a unique view into a by-gone way of life. Spectacular mountains surround Arequipa, the most famous of which is El Misti Volcano, at 5822 m (19096 ft) and with a beautiful snow-capped peak. Our overnight excursion to the Colca Canyon—the deepest canyon in the world—involves a remarkable drive through Inca and pre-Inca terracing. Once at the Canyon look for the king of the Andes, the Andean Condor, as well as alpacas, llamas and vicuñas, while enjoying the stunning highland scenery.

Day 107-108 Nazca / Pisco

Travel north to one of the world's greatest archaeological mysteries, the Nazca Lines. The lines consist of patterns and pictures etched in the ground, crisscrossing a wide area of flat desert. Some of the lines measure up to 10 km (32 miles) in length, and yet remain perfectly straight. The depictions of birds, insects and animals are only recognizable from the air. Who drew the lines, and why, is something that modern archaeologists can only theorize about, but current beliefs suggest that they may be part of complex agricultural calendar. From the ground we can make out very little, and the best view is from a light aircraft, which can easily be arranged.The entire desert area was also once the home for the Paracas and the Nazca cultures, which preceded the Incas by more than half a millennia. Remains of the Nazca culture are still visible during an optional tour of an ancient desert cemetery site, which also includes a visit to a pottery workshop.Continuing north arrive in Pisco, an oasis in this barren land and an important port town. It derives its name from the white grape brandy produced in the region. If you haven’t yet tried the national drink, the Pisco Sour, then this is the place to do it. While the town itself is of considerable historical and archaeological interest, we also use it as a starting point for an optional visit to the Ballestas Islands, where we observe the sea lion colonies, penguins and a variety of other birds.

Day 109 Lima

Founded by Francisco Pizarro, on the Day of the Three Kings (Epiphany) in 1535, Peru’s capital city Lima is known as the City of Kings. The Plaza de Armas is the heart of old Lima and here you’ll find the Cathedral, Government Palace and Archbishop’s Palace. The Cathedral dates back to the 1700s and houses the remains of the conquistador Pizarro.To get a feel for colonial Lima, take a cab to the Plaza de Armas and watch the changing of the Palace Guard in the afternoon. Walk around the streets surrounding the Jirón de la Unión for great examples of Spanish-colonial architecture and to experience life in a large South American city. There are many fine museums in and around the city, including the Museo Rafael Larco Herrera, which houses an equally impressive collection of pottery, mummies and textiles from the Paracas and Nazca cultures. An optional city tour visits many of the cities highlights.The more affluent coastal districts of Miraflores, Barranco and San Isidro offer good nightlife and cafés. The Limeños are friendly and the city’s many interesting museums, churches, markets, restaurants and nightlife will surely entice you. Seafood lovers should be sure and try a ceviche, for which Lima is well known.NOTE: Care should be taken when wandering around on your own in central Lima as, some areas can be dangerous and pickpockets are daring.

Trip Details

Accommodation	Simple hotels (87 nts), riverboat (4 nts), buses (13 nts), homestay (1 nt), camping (3 nts). Note: Accommodation can be quite basic / multi-share at times.
Brochure Notes	1. This tour is a portion of our Great South American Journey.2. This trip also runs in the reverse direction, however exact days may vary slightly.
Combination	This trip combines our Amazon and Atlantic JAC, In Search of Iguassu JBR, Southern Sojourn JBS, Atacama Crossing JSL tours and part of our JLQ.
Departure	Departures vary
Group Size	Max 15, Avg 10
Included Highlights	4 to 5-day river trip along the Amazon, One day 4-wheel drive excursion on the Gran Sabana, Boat through the Paranaiba delta, Several 4-wheel drive transfers through remote northeastern Brazil, Entrance and visit to Iguassu Falls, Uyuni Salt Lakes Excursion, Colca Canyon excursion, Lake Titicaca excursion, Guided tour of Machu Picchu, 4-day Inca Trail hike with a local guide and cook
Local Payment	USD700
Meals Included	All meals while on Amazon River Boat (Brazil), the desert crossing excursion (Chile/Bolivia), Titicaca homestay and the Inca Trail (Peru).
Recommendation	This is a component of our Great South American Journey JCF.
Reverse Itinerary	This trip also runs in reverse - see trip code JMC.
StartFinish	Caracas to Lima
Transport	Public bus, 4x4, Amazon River boat, hiking, train, ferry, internal flight.
Brochure Intro	Completely immerse yourself in South America for several unforgettable months, covering the continent from Venezuela to Peru! From the jungle to the Amazon river to the Andes, the countless wonders await you, including Iguassu Falls, Salar de Uyuni and Macchu Picchu, just to name a few...

When can I go?

Start Date	Finish Date	Places Available
2008-10-23	2009-02-08	1

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