The Great South American Journey: Lima to Caracas (Counter-clockwise)

Itinerary

Day 1 Arrive Lima

Arrive at any time. There are no planned activities today, so check into our hotel and enjoy the city.

Day 2-3 Lima

Founded by Francisco Pizarro, on the Day of the Three Kings (Epiphany) in 1535, Lima is known as the City of Kings. It is Peru’s capital city and as such, deserves a visit. The Plaza de Armas is the heart of old Lima and you’ll find the Cathedral, Government Palace and Archbishop’s Palace. The Cathedral dates back to the 1700s and houses the remains of the conquistador Pizarro.To get a feel for colonial Lima, take a cab to the Plaza de Armas and watch the changing of the Palace Guard in the afternoon. Walk around the streets surrounding the Jirón de la Unión for great examples of Spanish-colonial architecture and to experience life in a large South American city. There are many fine museums in and around the city, including the Museo Rafael Larco Herrera, which houses an equally impressive collection of pottery, mummies and textiles from the Paracas and Nazca cultures. An optional city tour visits many of the cities highlights.The more affluent coastal districts of Miraflores, Barranco and San Isidro offer good nightlife and cafés. The Limeños are friendly and the city’s many interesting museums, churches, markets, restaurants and nightlife will surely entice you. Seafood lovers should be sure and try a ceviche, for which Lima is well known.

Day 4-5 Pisco / Nazca

Pisco is an oasis in a barren land and an important port town. It derives its name from the white grape brandy produced in the region. If you haven’t tried the national drink, Pisco Sour, then this is the place to do it. While the town itself is of considerable historical and archaeological interest, we also use it as a starting point for an optional visit to the Ballestas Islands, where we observe the sea lion colonies, penguins and a variety of other birds.Further south the road climbs slightly and we rise above the coastal mist to find one of the world's greatest archaeological mysteries, the Nazca Lines, consisting of patterns and pictures etched in the ground, crisscrossing an area of flat desert. Some of the lines measure up to 10 km (32 miles) in length, and yet remain perfectly straight. The depictions of birds, insects and animals are only recognizable from the air. Who drew the lines, and why, is something that modern archaeologists can only theorize about, but current beliefs suggest that they may be part of complex agricultural calendar. From the ground we can make out very little, and the best view is from a light aircraft, which can easily be arranged.The entire desert area was also once the home for the Paracas and the Nazca cultures, which preceded the Incas by more than half a millennia. Remains of the Nazca culture are still visible during an optional tour of an ancient desert cemetery site, which also includes a visit to a pottery workshop.

Day 6-9 Arequipa / Colca Canyon

Peru’s second most important city after Lima, Arequipa, maintains a traditional colonial style and more laid back pace in comparison with the capital. Arequipa is built from a very light coloured volcanic rock called sillar, the older buildings dazzle in the sun, thus the nickname, “the White City.” The main plaza with its cafés and nearby cathedral is a top draw for visitors.Those with an interest in history and architecture may take an optional visit to the Convent of Santa Catalina, offering a brief respite from the outside world and a unique view into a by-gone way of life. Spectacular mountains surround Arequipa, the most famous of which is El Misti Volcano, at 5822 m (19096 ft) and with a beautiful snow-capped peak. Our overnight excursion to the Colca Canyon involves a remarkable drive through Inca and pre-Inca terracing. Once at the Canyon we will look for the king of the Andes, the Andean Condor, as well as alpacas, llamas and vicuñas, while enjoying the stunning highland scenery.

Day 10-16 Cuzco / Ollantaytambo / Inca Trail (3B, 3L, 3D)

Cuzco attracts thousands of travellers who come to experience an age-old culture and to delve into its tragic and noble past. It is the perfect base for optional explorations of the city and area as well as a range of outdoor activities. We spend the next few days relaxing and exploring this fascinating city, while taking time to acclimatize to the higher altitude before our trek.Cuzco is the hub of the South American travel network. The city attracts thousands of travellers who come not just to visit a unique destination but also to experience an age-old culture very different from their 20th century way of life; one could easily spend a week just in and around the area. Cuzco is the continent’s oldest continuously inhabited city. Inca-built stone walls line most of the central streets and you don't have to go far to see other Inca ruins. It is a city steeped in history, tradition and legend.Cuzco’s numerous colonial churches are one of the most common sights. The Cathedral was started in 1559 and took 100 years to build. It is also one of the city’s greatest repositories of colonial art. Immediately in front of the entrance is a vault containing the remains of the famous Inca historian, Garcilaso de la Vega. Also worth visiting are the churches of La Compañía, La Merced and San Francisco.While most ruins are just outside of the city, the main ruin within is that of the Coricancha, once the Inca Empire's richest temple. This ruin forms the base of the colonial church of Santo Domingo. During Inca times this temple was literally covered with gold, but within months of the arrival of the first conquistadors this incredible wealth had all been melted down. It is left to the individual imagination to envision the magnificence of the original structure.There are several good museums in Cuzco, including the Archaeological Museum, which also houses a small art museum, the Regional History Museum and the Religious Art Museum. The best advice in exploring Cuzco is to wear a comfortable pair of shoes, arm yourself with a city map and set off to explore!Ollantaytambo is a major Inca ruin site and your first taste of what lies ahead on the Inca Trail. This major ruin site is known as the best surviving example of Inca urban planning and engineering. It is admired for its huge steep terraces guarding the Inca Fortress and for being one of the few places where the Spanish lost a major battle during the conquest. We spend the night in this small town before heading out for the start of the hike the next morning. For those craving more before they head out on the Trail you can take a Sacred Valley tour which includes not only Ollantaytambo but also the ruin site of Pisac.INCA TRAIL:The 4-day Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is physically challenging but worthwhile, and the excursion is within the ability of most reasonably fit. It is a 40-km (25 mile) hike, with 3 high passes to be crossed, one of which reaches an elevation of 4200m (13776 ft). The trail is often steep, and it may rain even during the dry season. The temperatures at night may fall below zero, so it is important to come prepared.Depart Ollantaytambo for km 82 where we begin our walk in the footsteps of the Incas. Our local crew of porters, cook and guide look after us well for the duration of the hike. Porters carry the majority of the gear for the hike, so those passengers doing the hike only carry a small daypack with water, rain gear, snacks, a camera, etc. As you walk the trail that linked this ancient empire, admire breathtaking views at every step as we move from high plateau areas to dense cloud forest. Depending on the season, you may see a great variety of flora, including miniature and large orchids, and fiery rhododendron bushes.You pass several smaller ruin sites, the first of which is Llactapata. The second day climb the long steep path to Warmiwañusca, or Dead Woman’s Pass. At 4198 m (13769 ft) above sea level, this pass is the highest point of the trek. The second pass of the hike is at 3998 m (13113 ft) where on clear days, we enjoy superb views of the snow-capped Cordillera Vilcabamba. The trail goes through some beautiful cloud forest on the gentle climb to the third pass, where you will walk through a causeway and a tunnel, both original Inca constructions. The highest point of the third pass is at 3700m (12136 ft). On clear days you are rewarded for all this work with beautiful views of the Urubamba Valley below. Soon you reach the serene ruins of Phuyupatamarca, or the 'Town above the Clouds', at about 3650 m (11972 ft) above sea level. We camp for the final night close to Wiñay Wayna (Forever Young) ruins, a grandiose terraced hillside site, with panoramic views of the valley below and just a short hike from Machu Picchu.On the final day of the hike we climb the steps to the Sun Gate overlooking the peaks that surround Machu Picchu. There is no way to describe the feeling of the first views of Machu Picchu, as the mist rises off the mountains early in the morning and the famous ruin appears in front of you.Machu Picchu is both the best and the least known of the Inca ruins. It is not mentioned in any of the chronicles of the Spanish conquistadors and archaeologists today can do no more than speculate on its function. The local Quechua farmers in the area knew of Machu Picchu for centuries, but it was not until an 11-year-old boy led the American historian Hiram Bingham (who was in search of Vilcabamba) to the site on July 24, 1911, that the rest of the world became aware of its existence. At that time the site was covered in thick vegetation, and Bingham and his team returned in 1912 and 1915 to clear the growth. Over the years, much work has been done on excavating and studying the site. Despite these efforts, many unanswered questions remain.You have the better part of the day to explore the site. In the afternoon, we have the chance to soak in the hot springs of Aguas Calientes before taking the train back to Cuzco.NOTE: Those passengers not able or interested in the hike spend 2 days in Cuzco, then travel by train to Aguas Calientes, where they overnight. Next morning they take the bus to the Machu Picchu entrance and rendezvous with the hikers at the ruins. If you decide not to do the hike we need to know prior to your departure in order to obtain train tickets. Please advise your agent or G.A.P Adventures.Also note that portions of the Inca Trail will be closed for general maintenance during the month of February each year. Also, closures may occur at various times throughout the year due to inclement weather or other conditions beyond our control. During these periods, any tour affected will hike the Lares Trek.

Day 17-19 Puno / Lake Titicaca

Today we travel through the high Altiplano region to get from Cuzco to Puno, on Lake Titicaca. There is an overnight excursion to the Islands on Lake Titicaca. This includes a visit to the Uros floating islands, and an overnight stay with a family on Taquile or Amantani Island. We return to Puno in the late afternoon.Located 3830 m (12562 ft) above sea level, Puno’s weather can be extreme with very cold nights, and a strong sun during the day. There is not a lot to see in Puno itself, however there are several good spots offering scenic views of Lake Titicaca and the town. Puno is also known for its wealth of traditional dances. There are up to 100 different varieties, usually performed in the street processions celebrating Catholic feast days. You may see these celebrations if you’re fortunate enough to be visiting at the appropriate time.Lake Titicaca, at 3820 m (12529 ft) above sea level, is touted as the highest navigable lake in the world. This is, however, not entirely true, it is simply the best known. It is however, the largest lake in South America, over 170 km (106 miles) in length, and the largest lake in the world above 2000m (6560 ft). The horizon appears limitless from the lake, and the water a deep and inviting blue.Our first stop is the floating reed islands of the Uros people. The Uros began their unusual floating existence centuries ago in an effort to isolate themselves from rival tribes the Collas and the Incas, but due to intermarriage with Aymara speaking people they lost their original language. Today about 300 people live on the islands, however their numbers are slowly declining.The islands are made up of many layers of reeds. As the layers closest to the water start to rot, they are replaced with fresh reeds on top. They also use the reeds to build their boats, which if constructed well, last up to 6 months. The totora reeds which grow in the shallows of the lake are used for making everything from the islands themselves to the model boats that the islanders offer for sale.Taquile is rich in culture, and the people’s unique style of dress and lifestyle will definitely make for a memorable visit. Men of the community do all the knitting, strictly a male domain, while women do the spinning. High quality, locally knitted goods are available for purchase at various cooperatives on the island. Despite the short distance that separates the two islands, Amantaní is quite distinct. Its soil is a rich terra cotta red, due to the high iron deposits, which contrasts brightly with the deep azure blue of the lake and sky, and greenery of the local crops.

Day 20–22 La Paz

The drive around Lake Titicaca and through the altiplano to La Paz, Bolivia is impressive. Founded by Alonso de Mendoza in 1548, La Ciudad de Nuestra Señora de La Paz (the City of Our Lady of Peace) is a great place to explore on foot. Although Sucre is the official capital, La Paz is the Bolivian centre of commerce, finance and industry, and the de facto capital. This is a busy modern city, with its centre at the base of a canyon 5 km (3 miles) wide, with sprawling impromptu housing all the way up the surrounding hillsides. The city is at nearly 4000 m (13,120 ft) above sea level, so visitors should be prepared for cool evenings and mornings.Explore the city’s many fine museums or its historic ecclesiastical structures, such as the Iglesia de San Francisco, whose architectural details reflect the indigenous and mestizo heritage of modern Bolivia. The city is also renowned for its many markets, including the Mercado de Hechicería (Witches’ Market), where Paceños and visitors may purchase potions and incantations made from all sorts of herbs, seeds, and secret ingredients to remedy any number of illnesses (real or imagined) and protect from evil spirits. There is also a thriving black market and a Carnaval market, where locals purchase carnival costumes. You’ll also find a wealth of shops selling all sorts of handicrafts, mainly alpaca wool products, silver jewellery, woven textiles and leather goods.Optional activities in La Paz include museums, excursions to Tiahuanaco ruins (cradle of Inca civilization), a tour of the Valley of the Moon, or a visit to the world’s highest ski resort, Chacaltaya (5600 m/18,368 ft). To the south of the city is the Valley of the Moon, with crater-like formations made of sand.

Day 23-24 Cochabamba / Night bus

Staying in the highlands, we travel south to the city of Cochabamba, famous for its spring-like climate and for its chicha (fermented maize drink). Explore the museums and this pleasant city before climbing aboard a night bus headed for Sucre.

Day 25-26 Sucre

Often referred to as Bolivia’s White City, the country’s official capital, Sucre, is situated at nearly 2800m (9184 ft) and offers its visitors and inhabitants a more moderate, comfortable climate than cities at higher elevation. Before the conquest, military, religious and political leaders of the local indigenous population made their homes on the present day city site. The site became the headquarters for the Spanish Royal Court, which by the late 1700s ruled over colonial Paraguay, parts of Peru, Argentina, Chile, and most of Bolivia. In 1825, in the wake of the Latin American independence movement, the city was renamed Sucre, after Simon Bolívar’s second-in-command, General Sucre. The city’s fine museums, colonial buildings and ties to the independence movement make it a city of great historical interest, and the city has much to offer during our two days here. Optional activities include a visit to dinosaur footprints, an old tin baron’s mansion, a textile cooperative, mountain biking and hiking.

Day 27-28 Potosí

Situated at 4070m (13,350 ft), Potosí is the highest city of its size on earth. UNESCO declared it a World Heritage Site in1987 in recognition of its tragic history in the mining of silver during the time of Spanish colonization. Potosí provided a large share of the silver mined and shipped back to Spain until the early 1800s, when both the supply of silver and world market prices began to decline.Working conditions for miners were appalling, and a large portion of the indigenous population was decimated. African slaves were brought in to replace the native workers, and it is estimated that as many as eight million indigenous people and Africans died in the mines during the first three centuries of Spanish colonial rule. There is time for an optional tour to the working mines of the Mountain of Silver, an eye-opening excursion.

Day 29-31 Uyuni / 4x4 Desert Crossing Excursion (2B,2L,2D)

We spend three days in the stunning landscapes between the Salar de Uyuni and the Atacama Desert (Chile), exploring by four-wheel-drive vehicles. Driving across the salt flats is a fantastic experience, particularly for the contrast of piercing blue skies and blinding white salt on the flat lakebed. The area’s unusual landscape of mountains, active volcanoes, and geysers is like nowhere on earth.Despite its isolation and challenging climate (cold and blustery most of the year), the town of Uyuni has earned the nickname of Hija Predilecta de Bolivia (Bolivia’s Favourite Daughter). Most of its hardy residents are either Public Sector workers or salt miners in the dried out lakebeds, with tour operators a close third. The main attraction in town is the Train Cemetery, a collection of rusting railway relics, just southwest of the present train station.It is also the starting point for our 3-night excursion through the spectacular Salar de Uyuni in 4X4 vehicles. Twice submerged by a large, high-altitude lake, the salt flats now cover a total area of over 12000 square km (7440 square miles) and are one of the country’s main salt mining centres. The last large lake dried up about 8000 years ago, leaving the small lakes of Poopó and Ururu, as well as the salt flats of Uyuni. Absorb stunning views of the salt-encrusted lakebed surrounded by golden-hued mountains, snow-capped peaks and an endless azure horizon that will forever engrave itself in your memory. The tour takes us through Laguna Colorada, 4278 m/14,031 ft (a large red lagoon, the colour of which is due to algae & plankton growth in the mineral-rich waters), and Laguna Verde, at 5000 m (16,400 ft), a striking blue-green lake (high concentrations of lead, sulphur, copper and other minerals). The numerous geysers, boiling mud pools, and thermal baths, and Licancabúr volcano 5960 m (19,549 ft), which looms just behind the lagoon are clear evidence of the region’s association with volcanic activity. Surprisingly, both wildlife and flora manage to survive and even thrive in the desolate landscape; this includes vizcachas (of the rodent family), flamingos (3 varieties), and assorted varieties of cacti.

Day 32-34 San Pedro de Atacama

Descending almost 3000 metres from the high Bolivian altiplano, we arrive at the edge of the Atacama Desert, and to the small desert oasis of San Pedro de Atacama. There are plenty of optional excursions here, like biking, exploring nearby ruins, horseback riding, and a tour of the Valley of the Moon.

Day 35-37 Night bus / La Serena

A long bus ride takes us down Chile’s northern regions and to the beachside city of La Serena. The city has an attractive, colonial feel to it, with many places of interest outside the city. Take a tour to the Elqui Valley and visit a Pisco factory, or maybe stop by one of the numerous international astronomical observatories scattered throughout the valley. We spend 2 nights here before travelling to Santiago on day 38.

Day 38-40 Santiago

Santiago is Chile’s largest city and capital, with internationally recognized vineyards and Andean ski resorts very close by. Explore the many museums and parks, and visit the vibrant neighbourhood of Bellavista to see some handicrafts and trendy cafés. Optional day-trips include a trip to Valparaiso and Viña del Mar, Chile’s premier beach resort, and to Isla Negra, Pablo Neruda’s seaside home.Although Santiago covers an immense area, the central core of the city is relatively small. It is a roughly triangular shaped region, bounded in the north by the Río Mapocho, in the west by the Via Norte Sur and in the south by the Avenida del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins (more commonly known as the Alameda). The apex of the triangle is the Plaza Baquedano, where O'Higgins forms a junction with two of Santiago's other main thoroughfares, Avenidas Providencia and Vicuña MacKenna.The centre of this triangle is the Plaza de Armas, the chief plaza of Santiago, bounded on its northern side by the main post office and on the western side by the cathedral. The streets between the Plaza de Armas and O'Higgins are wall-to-wall shops, restaurants, snack and fast food bars, cinemas, expensive hotels and office blocks. The Presidential Palace, La Moneda, is on Avenida Moneda, facing the Plaza de la Constitución. Near the Plaza de Armas is the National Congress building. One of Santiago's main parks, Cerro Santa Lucía, is in the triangle facing O'Higgins. The other main park is Cerro San Cristobal, or Huelén, in the Mapuche tongue. It is a large hill that rises dramatically from the plain to the north of Avenida Providencia. Between this avenue and the mountain, on either side of the Avenida Pío Nono, is Santiago's 'Paris quarter', the barrio Bella Vista. There are many beautifully landscaped parks and gardens, artists' colonies, and impressive views over the city, including the snow-capped peaks of the Andes (when the weather and thick smog permit).

Day 41-44 Night bus / Pucón

After a full day exploring the capital city we will board a night bus bound for Pucón, in the Lake District. This is a Mecca for outdoor enthusiasts, with activities galore. Some of these include a volcano climb, hiking in one of the many national parks, rafting, mountain biking and skiing/snowboarding (in season).There are few areas in the world that can match the Chilean Lake District for scenic grandeur. South of the Rio Toltén and sprawled across the provinces of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihué, you'll find everything from snow-capped mountains to deep blue and emerald lakes, smoking volcanoes, forests and glaciers. This is a favourite vacation ground for domestic tourists, visitors from across the Andes, and around the globe.The region’s architecture is unique in that older structures are wooden and resemble central European homes and churches of the 19th Century. This is due to the significant number of immigrants, largely Germany, Switzerland, Austria and some Italian, who settled here over the last half of that century. The regional cuisine also reflects this, with many restaurants specializing in kuchen and other baked delicacies. Seafood dishes abound in this region. Of particular interest to visitors is the curanto Chilote, a hearty seafood stew that’ll leave you ready for a siesta.Villarica is one of the chief resort towns of the Lake District, with impressive views of the active Volcan Villarica. This is a beautiful place to hike, boat, or to sit back and take in the beautiful scenery and reflect on your trip so far. Pucón, the nation’s outdoors and adventure tourism capital, is located on the eastern end of Lago Villarica, opposite the town of Villarica. We spend a couple of days exploring the area, where there are endless options for outdoor pursuits like kayaking, rafting, hiking, mountain biking, wind surfing and horseback riding.

Day 45-46 Puerto Montt/ Puerto Varas

A trip further south brings us to the city of Puerto Montt. This is Chile’s most important southern port and it is the gateway for explorers going further south into Patagonia. Take a day trip to the island of Chiloé and sample the seafood!In Puerto Montt there are still many reminders of its German influenced past. The area was settled by Germans in the mid-19th century and many houses are of northern European design, faced with unpainted shingles, high-pitched roofs and quaint, ornate balconies.Though timber houses make up a large share of Puerto Montt's housing, the pioneer image has long since faded. The large cathedral in the main square, built in 1856 entirely of redwood, is the oldest building in the city and one of the most important reminders of the city's early days. Now, it is the gateway to the southern end of the Lake District, and for the Chilean Patagonia.

Day 47-49 Bariloche

After a beautiful journey through the mountains of upper Patagonia we will cross over into Argentina and arrive at Bariloche. Situated on the beautiful shore of Lake Nahuel Huapi, Bariloche is a year-round playground for skiers, hikers and outdoors enthusiasts of all types. A popular resort town for Argentines, the spectacular surroundings of Bariloche offer loads of outdoor options, like hiking, biking, parapenting, lake tours, and skiing/snowboarding (in season). Bariloche is also famous for its quality and quantity of chocolate. So wander around the city, enjoy the landscapes and eat chocolate!The urban centre of the Argentine Lake District, San Carlos de Bariloche in many ways resembles alpine resorts of Europe. During winter ski season the town fills to capacity with jovial Argentine and Brazilian vacationers whose favourite pastime seems to be eating and drinking. Their gusto is understandable; Bariloche has some of the best food in the country. Sample a beefy parillada, or a variety of fresh salmon or lake trout, then work it off during a day hike around Cerro Catedral or while practicing your salsa at one of the town's salsotecas.

Day 50 Night bus

A long bus journey carries us out of upper Patagonia and to the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires.

Day 51-52 Buenos Aires

Known as the ‘Paris of the Americas,’ Buenos Aires is a vibrant city full of life. Visit the districts of La Boca, Recoleta, and San Telmo or catch a tango show at one of the many famous tanguerías. Wander the pedestrian walkways and see some dancing in the streets. Whatever you do, Buenos Aires is sure to leave lasting memories.The capital city of Argentina, Buenos Aires is the ultimate cosmopolitan city. Travellers find that it has more in common with the cities of Europe than the rest of South America. Nearly 40 per cent of Argentina’s 33 million citizens live in Greater Buenos Aires, and the Porteños are justifiably proud of their home. The city is comprised of a number of distinct neighbourhoods, some of which have become top tourist draws. For many, the highlight of their time in the capital is a visit to San Telmo for the weekend antiques market and street artists’ displays. La Boca was originally settled by the successive waves of immigrants that contribute to the capital’s unique character. Its brightly coloured walls and buildings draw Porteños and tourists alike. Posh Recoleta, with its cafés, museums and cemetery, is a pleasant place to spend an afternoon.During colonial days, Buenos Aires was the seat of the Viceroy of La Plata. Almost completely rebuilt since the turn of the century, the heart of the city is the Plaza de Mayo, with the historic Cabildo (Town Hall), where the Independence movement was first planned, the Casa Rosada (Government Palace) and the Cathedral, where San Martín, the father of Argentine independence, is buried.When you are done exploring, settle your weary feet and enjoy a drink in one of the many sidewalk cafés and restaurants, and you will begin to understand the contemplative Argentine way of life. Buenos Aires will be your last chance, while in Argentina, to try the succulent bifé and parrilladas, so dig in and enjoy!Please note: You should be especially careful when wandering about the capital city on your own, particularly at night. Tourists are easy prey for individual pickpockets or groups of two or more people, working as a team, on the streets. Pay particular attention to anyone who “accidentally” spills anything on your clothes or belongings (mustard, etc.), then apologizes and offers to help clean up. They will clean you out instead! Be safe and leave your passport, credit cards, traveller’s cheques and cash you won’t be using immediately within the hotel’s safety deposit box. Most Porteños are honest and genuinely helpful and friendly, but be safe and enjoy the city!

Day 53-58 Colonia / Montevideo / Salto

Cross the Rio de la Plata by ferry to reach the shores of Uruguay. Explore Colonia’s unique culture, rich history and captivating architecture while you stroll down its cobble-stoned streets.We then travel by bus to Montevideo, founded by the Spanish in 1726. Montevideo is the capital of Uruguay and is by far, the country's largest city. Over half of the population lives there (about 1 million) and the city dominates the commercial and cultural life of the nation. It's very lively and modern with many architecturally interesting buildings, yet the city also maintains a very quiet atmosphere. There are several good museums not to be missed, as well as some very good beaches just outside the city.Later we travel by day through picturesque settlements and pastures to our last Uruguayan stop of Salto, home of thermal baths.

Day 59-66 Iguassu Falls / Paraty / Ilha Grande

Our visit to Brazil begins with the magnificent Foz do Iguaçu, or Iguassu falls, bordering Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. In order to see the falls properly you need to view them from both the Brazilian and the Argentine side. The Brazilian side offers the grand overview, and the Argentine side, a closer look. The best time of the year to see them is from August to November, as from May to July you may not be able to approach the swollen waters on the catwalks. Experience an exhilarating optional boat tour at the falls or simply marvel at nature’s breadth and the roar of the falls.Next stop is Paraty, a quaint colonial town on the coast renowned for its architecture. This is our kick-off point for a trip by bus and boat to Ilha Grande not far from the coast. Relax and enjoy a cool Caipirinha on the beach, or try the surf before proceeding on to Río.

Day 67-69 Rio de Janeiro

"God made the world in six days, the seventh he devoted to Rio", so say the Cariocas, residents of this beautiful city. Few cities enjoy such a dramatic setting as Rio. Brilliant, white beaches at Copacabana and Ipanema, deep blue waters of the Atlantic, the luminescent green of Guanabara Bay, the bare blue slopes of the Sugar Loaf and the steep green hills behind, combine to make Rio unique. Standing over it all, atop Corcovado, is the huge statue of Christ the Redeemer, which is the best place from which to appreciate the city. From the top of the Pao do Açucar (Sugar Loaf), which can be reached by cable car, you will see superb panoramic views of the city and area. Head to some of the famous beaches, and prepare yourself for an experience unlike anything else on Earth.

Day 70-73 Salvador

Take a short flight to the state of Bahía and its capital Salvador, the epicentre of Afro-Brazilian culture. Famous for its music, folklore and colonial architecture, Brazilians refer to the country’s first capital as the “land of happiness and song.” Salvador’s history and culture are heavily influenced by African slaves, brought here by the Portuguese to work on the sugar plantations. Their traditions, dances and religion are as prominent in Salvador’s culture today as it has been in Bahía’s history.Founded in 1549, Amerigo Vespucci first sailed into Salvador de Bahía’s Bay of Todos Santos (All Saints) on the November 1, 1501. A walled mud-brick city was soon erected to protect its inhabitants from native attacks. The production of sugar cane and tobacco, combined with gold and diamond mining, soon brought prosperity; over the next three centuries many splendid churches and luxurious colonial mansions were built. Salvador was for many years the second most important city in the growing Portuguese empire, famous equally for its wealth and its licentiousness. The first African slaves were taken to Bahía in the late 1830s, eventually accounting for half the city’s population. There were several slave uprisings throughout the city’s history, and runaway slave communities were not unheard of.Early in the 19th century the Bahía’s out of date, agricultural-based economy went into decline, and only recently has the region begun to tap into other resource areas such as petrochemicals and tourism. Well known for its hybrid Candomble religion, and lively capoeira rhythms, Bahíans have been mixing and celebrating religious occasions with an everyday zest for life for nearly 500 years. Bahíans love to celebrate life, and it shows in their festivals, especially Carnival. Growing in popularity are the nearby beaches: more beautiful and less frequented than Rio’s Copacabana or Ipanema, Bahía’s Pituba, Piata, Armacao, Placaford and Itapoa beaches are ideal places to people watch, sunbathe and relax.Explore the city and enjoy the Samba rhythms or take an optional excursion to a sea turtle sanctuary or boat trip to Itaparica Island.

Day 74-77 Bahía / Pernambuco

Travel to Recife, the country’s fourth largest city. Recife’s growth began in the 17th century as the central port for the wealthy sugar plantations of the area. Recife is also known as the City of Bridges, as much of the city has been built over waterways.Continue north to the nearby city of Olinda, a beautiful enclave of colonial buildings filled with artists, students and assorted bohemians. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Olinda is the cultural centre of the state of Pernambuco. Discover the city’s interesting architecture, visit art galleries and museums and listen to the street musicians. Expect festivities here, as there is almost always something to celebrate in this vibrant town.

Day 78-89 Ceará / Piaui / Maranhão

Travel north along the Brazilian coastline, through small fishing villages and beach towns. Pass through secluded oases, mangrove clad rivers, and beautiful remote beaches piled with giant sand dunes. In Jericoacoara you can hire a horse to ride along the desolate beaches as far as the eye can see, go for a ride in a jangada, or climb the sand dunes and try sandboarding. For those with energy left at the end of the day, the nights are yours to dance away to forró and reggae.The state of Ceará boasts over 500 km of fabulous beaches along its coastline. Travel to São Luis, a historic city covered in hand-painted Portuguese tiles, drive through the drought-plagued sertao, and enjoy the laid back lifestyle and the unique folklore of the local people. A boat trip through the beautiful Parnaiba Delta—the only delta to open to the Atlantic Ocean—offers the chance to visit one of the biggest mangroves in the world, home to equally big mangrove crabs.

Day 90-94 Pará (Amazon River) (4B,3L,3D)

A 4-day river trip takes us from the Atlantic Ocean, and the city of Belém near the Amazon Delta, to the depths of the Amazon. Cruise the river that carries 20 per cent of the world’s fresh water.Belém sits near the mouth of the Amazon, where this mighty river meets the Atlantic Ocean. The Portuguese first settled this area in 1616, and its wealth was primarily derived from the exportation of spices from the Amazon forest to Portugal and Europe. Later, rubber from the forest led to the further decimation of the local indigenous populations as well as their forest homelands. The tremendous wealth of the Amazon rubber boom can be witnessed in the town’s grand mansions, built at the turn of the 19th century.The Amazon Basin is the world’s largest river basin in terms of volume and drainage area. It is made up of six million square km of river and jungle. The region contains the world’s largest tropical rainforest (30% of the remaining forest on the earth), the world’s largest river, and perhaps the greatest wildlife diversity to be found anywhere.In the Amazon layers of exotic vegetation block the sky, and brown waters sweep beneath gargantuan foliage. Hundreds of species of exotic birds and equally brilliant butterflies provide constant bursts of colour. Over 500 species of trees per acre have been recorded in the jungles of the upper Amazon—ten times greater than Europe or North America. The area is home to more than 4,000 species of birds, 2,000 species of fish (a greater variety than the Atlantic Ocean), 60 species of reptiles, including the caiman and anaconda, the world's largest non-venomous snake, and a great variety of mammals such as jaguar, peccary, anteater, tapir, capybara and Pink Dolphin. The rainforest is also the traditional home of many indigenous communities, whose traditional homelands and way of life are threatened by the encroachment of 21st century industries such as mining, agribusiness and petroleum exploitation.The Amazon River is magnificent, with over 80 000 km of navigable waterways, including over 1000 tributaries. 12 billion litres of fresh water flow down the river every minute—12 times the volume of the Mississippi River. The river itself is 6275 km long, 64 km across at its widest point and 120 m at its deepest. The distance between Belem and Manaus along the Amazon is 1500 km.In the 16th century, Spanish conqueror Francisco de Orellana ventured from Quito (in modern day Ecuador) into the eastern jungle in search of El Dorado, a mythical stash of gold hidden away in the jungle. While he didn't find gold, he did discover Ecuador's Rio Napo, which along with Peru’s Marañón combine to create the mighty Amazon River. He followed the Napo into the Amazon mainstream and travelled all the way through the dense jungle to the Atlantic Ocean on Brazil’s coast.

Day 95-99 Amazonas / Manaus

Entering the vast Amazon Basin, we arrive in Manaus. Situated at the confluence of the Amazon and Negro Rivers, 3° south of the Equator, Manaus is a bustling port and important northern Amazon trading city. With a population of over one million people, it is the capital of Brazil’s largest state, Amazonas, and has many interesting markets, museums and parks. In 1669 Portuguese colonizers built the fortress of Sao José de Barra here and named the place ‘Manaus’ after the indigenous group that inhabited the region. The fort grew to become a village, and later a major city, due to its importance as the principal port for the Amazon and Negro rivers. Points of interest in Manaus include the Mercado Municipal, the floating docks, the customs house, the Museum of Science, the Jungle Park and the opera house, an impressive example of the city’s opulent past. A 3-day optional excursion into the depths of the rainforest promises unique tropical flora and wildlife.

Day 100-108 Sta Elena / Canaima National Park / Sta Fe

Head north by bus into Venezuela, and wander through Venezuela's famous La Gran Sabana, filled with scenic views and waterfalls. La Gran Sabana is a vast, rolling, grassy region in southeast Venezuela. The Sabana covers 35 000 square km, and is the traditional homeland area for the Pemón people. This area was isolated from the rest of the country until the road connecting El Dorado and Santa Elena (320 km) was finished in 1990. The area’s table mountains (tepuis) are all that remains of the original sandstone that covered the region millions of years ago. Each mountain has developed its own characteristic plant life, and consequently the area has highest percentage of endemic flora to be found in the world.Next head north to Ciudad Bolivar, from where we have an optional excursion into Canaima National Park. This protected area is famous for its incredible scenery, tabletop mountains and breathtaking waterfalls. Here we can take an optional flight over Angel Falls, at 979m the highest waterfall in the world. In the wet season (July to December), an optional three-day boat and hiking excursion to the foot of the falls is possible. In the dry season (December to May), the waterfall is more readily seen, although obviously at its most impressive after heavy rains.Continue on to Puerto de la Cruz on the Caribbean coast to enjoy the beautiful beaches and snorkelling in Mochima National Park before heading to Venezuela’s capital city, Caracas. Mochima National Park is made up of many small, idyllic Caribbean Islands just off the north coast of Venezuela. These islands and their surrounding waters offer excellent opportunities for snorkelling and swimming, or take a boat cruise to further explore this beautiful region of the Caribbean.

Day 109 Depart Caracas

Depart Caracas at any time.

Trip Details

Accommodation	Simple hotels (87 nts), riverboat (4 nts), buses (13 nts), homestay (1 nt), camping (3 nts). Note: Accommodation can be quite basic / multi-share at times.
Combination	This trip combines the second half of our Andean Empire JQL, Atacama Crossing JLS, Southern Sojourn JSB, In Search of Iguassu JBR and Amazon and Atlantic JAR tours.
Departure	Departures vary
Group Size	Max 15, Avg 10
Included Highlights	Guided tour of Machu Picchu, 4-day Inca Trail hike with a local guide and cook, Lake Titicaca excursion, Uyuni Salt Lakes Excursion (Chile/Bolivia), Entrance and visit to Iguassu Falls, 4 to 5-day river trip along the Amazon, One day 4-wheel drive excursion on the Gran Sabana, Boat through the Paranaiba delta, Several 4-wheel drive transfers through remote northeastern Brazil
Local Payment	USD700
Meals Included	All meals while on Amazon River Boat (Brazil), the desert crossing excursion (Chile/Bolivia), Titicaca homestay and the Inca Trail (Peru).
Recommendation	This is a component of our Great South American Journey JFC.
Reverse Itinerary	This trip also runs in reverse - see trip code JCM.
StartFinish	Lima to Caracas
Transport	Public bus, 4x4, Amazon River boat, hiking, train, ferry, internal flight.
Brochure Intro	Lose yourself in South America for several unforgettable months, covering the continent from Peru to Venezuela! From the jungle to the Amazon river to the Andes, the countless wonders await you, including Iguassu Falls, Salar de Uyuni and the mysterious Macchu Picchu, just to name a few...

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